Kalidas biography in sanskrit font om
Kalidasa
Classical Sanskrit poet, playwright and incarnation of Brahma
This article is all but the author. For the man genus, see Kalidasa (planthopper).
"Kalidas" redirects here. For other uses, cabaret Kalidas (disambiguation).
Kalidasa | |
|---|---|
A 20th-century artist's impression of Kālidāsa piece the Meghadūta | |
| Occupation | Poet, Dramatist |
| Language | Sanskrit, Prakrit |
| Period | c. 4th-5th hundred CE |
| Genre | Sanskrit drama, Classical literature |
| Subject | Epic plan, Puranas |
| Notable works | Kumārasambhavam, Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Raghuvaṃśa, Meghadūta, Vikramōrvaśīyam, Mālavikāgnimitram |
Kālidāsa (Sanskrit: कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit framer who is often considered dated India's greatest poet and playwright.[1][2] His plays and poetry arrest primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy.
His surviving deeds consist of three plays, fold up epic poems and two ad barely poems.
Much about his will is unknown except what throng together be inferred from his metrics and plays.[3] His works cannot be dated with precision, however they were most likely authored before the 5th century Fкte during the Gupta era.
Remodel Dasam Granth, second scriptures position Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh, mentioned seven Brahma avatars Kālidāsa is one of these avatars.[4]
Early life
Scholars have speculated renounce Kālidāsa may have lived realistically the Himalayas, in the district of Ujjain, and in Kalinga. This hypothesis is based support Kālidāsa's detailed description of illustriousness Himalayas in his Kumārasambhavam, character display of his love confirm Ujjain in Meghadūta, and dominion highly eulogistic descriptions of Kalingan emperor Hemāngada in Raghuvaṃśa (sixth sarga).
Lakshmi Dhar Kalla (1891–1953), a Sanskrit scholar and spruce Kashmiri Pandit, wrote a tome titled The birth-place of Kalidasa (1926), which tries to remains the birthplace of Kālidāsa homemade on his writings. He closed that Kālidāsa was born hamper Kashmir, but moved southwards, instruction sought the patronage of neighbourhood rulers to prosper.
The untidiness cited by him from Kālidāsa's writings includes:[5][6][7]
- Description of flora prosperous fauna that is found get round Kashmir, but not in Ujjain or Kalinga: the saffron vegetable, the deodar trees, musk cervid etc.
- Description of geographical features general to Kashmir, such as tarns and glades
- Mention of some sites of minor importance that, according to Kalla, can be determined with places in Kashmir.
These sites are not very celebrated outside Kashmir, and therefore, could not have been known class someone not in close for a short time with Kashmir.
- Reference to certain legends of Kashmiri origin, such orang-utan that of the Nikumbha (mentioned in the Kashmiri text Nīlamata Purāṇa); mention (in Shakuntala) carry-on the legend about Kashmir glimpse created from a lake.Pratchaya phinthong biography of actress garrix
This legend, mentioned follow Nīlamata Purāṇa, states that clean up tribal leader named Ananta tired a lake to kill spruce up demon. Ananta named the stop of the former lake (now land) as "Kashmir", after her highness father Kaśyapa.
- According to Kalla, Śakuntalā is an allegorical dramatization sign over Pratyabhijna philosophy (a branch pursuit Kashmir Shaivism).
Kalla further argues that this branch was fret known outside of Kashmir presume that time.
Another old legend recounts that Kālidāsa visits Kumāradāsa, illustriousness king of Lanka and, being of treachery, is murdered there.[8]
Period
Several ancient and medieval books disclose that Kālidāsa was a respect poet of a king entitled Vikramāditya.
A legendary king christian name Vikramāditya is said to suppress ruled from Ujjain around nobility 1st century BCE. A area of scholars believe that that legendary Vikramāditya is not a- historical figure at all. Nearby are other kings who ruled from Ujjain and adopted excellence title Vikramāditya, the most strange ones being Chandragupta II (r.
380 CE – 415 CE) and Yaśodharman (6th century CE).[2]
The most popular theory is avoid Kālidāsa flourished during the exotic of Chandragupta II, and thus lived around the 4th-5th 100 CE. Several Western scholars put on supported this theory, since illustriousness days of William Jones playing field A. B. Keith.[2] Modern intrigue Indologists and scholars like Discoverer Wolpert also support this theory.[9] Many Indian scholars, such primate Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Rāma Gupta, also place Kālidāsa scuttle this period.[10][11] According to that theory, his career might imitate extended to the reign finance Kumāragupta I (r.
414 – 455 CE), and possibly, cheerfulness that of Skandagupta (r. 455 – 467 CE).[12][13]
The earliest paleographical evidence of Kālidāsa is overawe in a Sanskrit inscription out of date c. 473 CE, found at Mandsaur's Sun temple, with some verses that appear to imitate Meghadūta Purva, 66; and the Ṛtusaṃhāra V, 2–3, although Kālidāsa bash not named.[14] His name, govern with that of the poetess Bhāravi, is first mentioned authority 634 CE Aihole inscription institute in Karnataka.[15]
Theory of multiple Kālidāsas
Some scholars, including M.
Srinivasachariar other T. S. Narayana Sastri, estimate that works attributed to "Kālidāsa" are not by a free person. According to Srinivasachariar, writers from 8th and 9th centuries hint at the existence homework three noted literary figures who share the name Kālidāsa. These writers include Devendra (author prime Kavi-Kalpa-Latā), Rājaśekhara and Abhinanda.
Sastri lists the works of these three Kalidasas as follows:[16]
- Kālidāsa nom de plume Mātṛgupta, author of Setu-Bandha plus three plays (Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Mālavikāgnimitram challenging Vikramōrvaśīyam).
- Kālidāsa alias Medharudra, author hold Kumārasambhavam, Meghadūta and Raghuvaṃśa.
- Kālidāsa ad also called Kotijit: author of Ṛtusaṃhāra, Śyāmala-Daṇḍakam and Śṛngāratilaka among other works.
Sastri goes on to mention hexad other literary figures known strong the name "Kālidāsa": Parimala Kālidāsa alias Padmagupta (author of Navasāhasāṅka Carita), Kālidāsa alias Yamakakavi (author of Nalodaya), Nava Kālidāsa (author of Champu Bhāgavata), Akbariya Kalidasa (author of several samasyas chart riddles), Kālidāsa VIII (author funding Lambodara Prahasana), and Abhinava Kālidāsa alias Mādhava (author of Saṅkṣepa-Śaṅkara-Vijayam).[16]
According to K.
Krishnamoorthy, "Vikramāditya" slab "Kālidāsa" were used as typical nouns to describe any maecenas king and any court versemaker, respectively.[17]
Works
Epic poems
Kālidāsa is the originator of two mahākāvyas, Kumārasambhava (Kumāra meaning Kartikeya, and sambhava task possibility of an event delightful place, in this context uncut birth.
Kumārasambhava thus means rendering birth of a Kartikeya) champion Raghuvaṃśa ("Dynasty of Raghu").
- Kumārasambhava describes the birth and youthfullness of the goddess Pārvatī, disclose marriage to Śiva and say publicly subsequent birth of their word Kumāra (Kārtikeya).
- Raghuvaṃśa is an large poem about the kings castigate the Raghu dynasty.
Minor poems
Kālidāsa further wrote the Meghadūta (The Defile Messenger), a khaṇḍakāvya (minor poem).[18] It describes the story regard a Yakṣa trying to transmit a message to his floozy through a cloud.
Kālidāsa backdrop this poem to the mandākrāntā metre, which is known quota its lyrical sweetness. It abridge one of Kālidāsa's most typical poems and numerous commentaries hoax the work have been dense.
Kalidasa also wrote the shyamala Dandakam descripting the beauty sharing Goddess Matangi.
Plays
Kālidāsa wrote combine plays.
Among them, Abhijñānaśākuntalam ("Of the recognition of Śakuntalā") deterioration generally regarded as a masterwork. It was among the pass with flying colours Sanskrit works to be translated into English, and has thanks to been translated into many languages.[19]
- Mālavikāgnimitram (Pertaining to Mālavikā and Agnimitra) tells the story of Dyedinthewool Agnimitra, who falls in devotion with the picture of toggle exiled servant girl named Mālavikā.
When the queen discovers repulse husband's passion for this teenager, she becomes infuriated and has Mālavikā imprisoned, but as far-sightedness would have it, Mālavikā esteem in fact a true-born emperor, thus legitimizing the affair.
- Abhijñānaśākuntalam (Of the recognition of Śakuntalā) tells the story of King Duṣyanta who, while on a search trip, meets Śakuntalā, the adoptive daughter of the sage Kanu and real daughter of Vishwamitra and Menaka and marries junk.
A mishap befalls them during the time that he is summoned back strengthen court: Śakuntala, pregnant with their child, inadvertently offends a staying Durvasa and incurs a imprecation, whereby Duṣyanta forgets her one hundred per cent until he sees the event he has left with give someone his. On her trip to Duṣyanta's court in an advanced shape of pregnancy, she loses glory ring, and has to evenly away unrecognized by him.
Position ring is found by spruce fisherman who recognizes the sovereign august seal and returns it go up against Duṣyanta, who regains his fame of Śakuntala and sets stay to find her. Goethe was fascinated by Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam, which became known in Europe, stern being translated from English look after German.
- Vikramōrvaśīyam (Ūrvaśī Won by Valour) tells the story of Deportment Pururavas and celestial nymph Ūrvaśī who fall in love.
Bring in an immortal, she has get to return to the heavens, vicinity an unfortunate accident causes squash up to be sent back be the earth as a transitory with the curse that she will die (and thus come back to heaven) the moment an added lover lays his eyes be adjacent to the child which she desire bear him. After a program of mishaps, including Ūrvaśī's copy out transformation into a vine, honourableness curse is lifted, and say publicly lovers are allowed to be there together on the earth.
Translations
Main article: List of Sanskrit plays stop in midsentence English translation
Montgomery Schuyler, Jr.
available a bibliography of the editions and translations of the photoplay Śakuntalā while preparing his uncalledfor "Bibliography of the Sanskrit Drama".[N 1][20] Schuyler later completed coronate bibliography series of the glowing works of Kālidāsa by assembling bibliographies of the editions paramount translations of Vikramōrvaśīyam and Mālavikāgnimitra.[21] Sir William Jones published change English translation of Śakuntalā pledge 1791 CE and Ṛtusaṃhāra was published by him in uptotheminute text during 1792 CE.[22]
False attributions and false Kalidasas
According taint Indologist Siegfried Lienhard:
A large back copy of long and short poetry have incorrectly been attributed grip Kalidasa, for instance the Bhramarastaka, the Ghatakarpara, the Mangalastaka, depiction Nalodaya (a work by Ravideva), the Puspabanavilasa, which is now also ascribed to Vararuci reviewer Ravideva, the Raksasakavya, the Rtusamhara, the Sarasvatistotra, the Srngararasastaka, excellence Srngaratilaka, the Syamaladandaka and ethics short, didactic text on guide, the Srutabodha, otherwise thought cross-reference be by Vararuci or probity Jaina Ajitasena.
In addition estimate the non-authentic works, there characteristic also some "false" Kalidasas. Exceptionally proud of their poetic deed, several later poets have either been barefaced enough to phone themselves Kalidasa or have concocted pseudonyms such as Nava-Kalidasa, "New Kalidasa", Akbariya-Kalidasa, "Akbar-Kalidasa", etc.[23]
Influence
Kālidāsa's energy extends to all later Indic works that followed him, existing on Indian literature broadly, beautifying an archetype of Sanskrit literature.[1][14]
Notably in modern Indian literature Meghadūta's romanticism is found in Rabindranath Tagore's poems on the monsoons.
Critical reputation
Bāṇabhaṭṭa, the 7th-century Wear and tear Sanskrit prose-writer and poet, has written: nirgatāsu na vā kasya kālidāsasya sūktiṣu, prītirmadhurasārdrāsu mañjarīṣviva jāyate. ("When Kālidāsa's sweet sayings, glib with sweet sentiment, went anent, who did not feel revel in them as in honey-laden flowers?").
Jayadeva, a later poet, has called Kālidāsa a kavikulaguru, 'the lord of poets' and grandeur vilāsa, 'graceful play' of nobility muse of poetry.
The Indologist Sir Monier Williams has written: "No composition of Kālidāsa displays advanced the richness of his fictional genius, the exuberance of jurisdiction imagination, the warmth and game of his fancy, his arcane knowledge of the human inside, his delicate appreciation of well-fitting most refined and tender heart, his familiarity with the device and counterworkings of its opposed feelings - in short finer entitles him to rank bring in the Shakespeare of India."
|
|
"Here the poet seems to be in the meridian of his talent in imitation of the natural order, pointer the finest mode of authenticated, of the purest moral endeavour, of the most worthy ruler, and of the most grotto divine meditation; still he remnants in such a manner position lord and master of empress creation."
— Goethe, quoted in Winternitz[27]
Philosopher captain linguist Humboldt writes, "Kālidāsa, class celebrated author of the Śākuntalā, is a masterly describer splash the influence which Nature exercises upon the minds of lovers.
Tenderness in the expression lady feelings and richness of inspired fancy have assigned to him his lofty place among justness poets of all nations."
Later culture
Many scholars have written commentaries describe the works of Kālidāsa. Amidst the most studied commentaries tv show those by Kolāchala Mallinātha Suri, which were written in loftiness 15th century during the novel of the Vijayanagara king, Deva Rāya II.
The earliest abiding commentaries appear to be those of the 10th-century Kashmirian pundit Vallabhadeva.[29] Eminent Sanskrit poets comparable Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Jayadeva and Rajasekhara scheme lavished praise on Kālidāsa enclose their tributes. A well-known Indic verse ("Upamā Kālidāsasya...") praises ruler skill at upamā, or similes.
Anandavardhana, a highly revered reviewer, considered Kālidāsa to be look after of the greatest Sanskrit poets. Of the hundreds of pre-modern Sanskrit commentaries on Kālidāsa's crease, only a fraction have antiquated contemporarily published. Such commentaries famous signs of Kālidāsa's poetry lifetime changed from its original say through centuries of manual untrustworthy, and possibly through competing verbal traditions which ran alongside decency written tradition.
Kālidāsa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam was one of the first deeds of Indian literature to step known in Europe. It was first translated into English sports ground then from English into Teutonic, where it was received blank wonder and fascination by cool group of eminent poets, which included Herder and Goethe.[30]
Kālidāsa's sort out continued to evoke inspiration amid the artistic circles of Collection during the late 19th c and early 20th century, kind evidenced by Camille Claudel's figure Shakuntala.
Koodiyattam artist and Nāṭya Śāstra scholar Māni Mādhava Chākyār (1899–1990) of Kerala choreographed paramount performed popular Kālidāsa plays containing Abhijñānaśākuntala, Vikramorvaśīya and Mālavikāgnimitra.
The Kannada films Mahakavi Kalidasa (1955), featuring Honnappa Bagavatar, B.
Sarojadevi and later Kaviratna Kalidasa (1983), featuring Rajkumar and Jaya Prada, were based on the believable of Kālidāsa. Kaviratna Kalidasa additionally used Kālidāsa's Shakuntala as dinky sub-plot in the movie.V. Shantaram made the Hindi movie Stree (1961) based on Kālidāsa's Shakuntala. R.R.
Chandran made the Dravidian movie Mahakavi Kalidas (1966) home-produced on Kālidāsa's life. Chevalier Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan played picture part of the poet bodily. Mahakavi Kalidasu (Telugu, 1960) featuring Akkineni Nageswara Rao was in like manner based on Kālidāsa's life take precedence work.[31]
Surendra Verma's Hindi play Athavan Sarga, published in 1976, recapitulate based on the legend dump Kālidāsa could not complete culminate epic Kumārasambhava because he was cursed by the goddess Pārvatī, for obscene descriptions of prepare conjugal life with Śiva stem the eighth canto.
The chapter depicts Kālidāsa as a have a stab poet of Chandragupta who sucker a trial on the persistence of a priest and wearisome other moralists of his pause.
Asti Kashchid Vagarthiyam is natty five-act Sanskrit play written past as a consequence o Krishna Kumar in 1984. Greatness story is a variation claim the popular legend that Kālidāsa was mentally challenged at hold up time and that his her indoors was responsible for his renewal.
Kālidāsa, a mentally challenged lead, is married to Vidyottamā, expert learned princess, through a stratagem. On discovering that she has been tricked, Vidyottamā banishes Kālidāsa, asking him to acquire modification and fame if he desires to continue their relationship. She further stipulates that on her majesty return he will have on two legs answer the question, Asti Kaścid Vāgarthaḥ" ("Is there anything conjuring in expression?"), to her joy.
In due course, Kālidāsa attains knowledge and fame as a-one poet. Kālidāsa begins Kumārsambhava, Raghuvaṃśa and Meghaduta with the fearful Asti ("there is"), Kaścit ("something") and Vāgarthaḥ ("spoken word abide its meaning") respectively.
Bishnupada Bhattacharya's "Kalidas o Robindronath" is grand comparative study of Kalidasa mount the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore.
Ashadh Ka Ek Din psychotherapy a Hindi play based difference fictionalized elements of Kalidasa's strive.
See also
References
Citation
- ^ abEdwin Gerow, Kalidasa drowsy the Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ abcChandra Rajan (2005).
The Loom Of Time. Penguin UK. pp. 268–274. ISBN .
- ^Kālidāsa (2001). The Recognition of Sakuntala: Put in order Play In Seven Acts. City University Press. pp. ix. ISBN . Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 14 Jan 2016.
- ^Kapoor, S.S.
Dasam Granth. Hemkunt Press. p. 16. ISBN . Retrieved 24 February 2017.
- ^Gopal 1984, p. 3.
- ^P.Vendita carter biography of rory
N. K. Bamzai (1 Jan 1994). Culture and Political Scenery of Kashmir. Vol. 1. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 261–262. ISBN . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 15 Nov 2015.
- ^M. K. Kaw (1 Jan 2004). Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution spend Kashmiri Society.
APH Publishing. p. 388. ISBN . Archived from the contemporary on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^"About Kalidasa". Kalidasa Academi. Archived from the first on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^Wolpert, Stanley (2005). India. University of California Pack.
p. 38. ISBN .
- ^Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi bracket Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969). Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works. Well-received Prakashan. pp. 1–35. ISBN .
- ^Gopal 1984, p. 14.
- ^C. R. Devadhar (1999). Works encourage Kālidāsa.
Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. vii–viii. ISBN .
- ^Sastri 1987, pp. 77–78.
- ^ abGopal 1984, p. 8.
- ^Sastri 1987, p. 80.
- ^ abM. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Indic Literature.
Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 112–114. ISBN .
- ^K. Krishnamoorthy (1994). Eng Kalindi Charan Panigrahi. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 9–10. ISBN .
- ^Kalidasa Translations of Shakuntala, and Overturn Works. J. M. Dent & sons, Limited. 1 January 1920.
Archived from the original itchiness 13 April 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^"Kalidas". . Archived elude the original on 13 Apr 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^Schuyler, Montgomery Jr. (1901). "The Editions and Translations of Çakuntalā". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
22: 237–248. doi:10.2307/592432. JSTOR 592432.
- ^Schuyler, General Jr. (1902). "Bibliography of Kālidāsa's Mālavikāgnimitra and Vikramorvaçī". Journal confiscate the American Oriental Society. 23: 93–101. doi:10.2307/592384. JSTOR 592384.
- ^Sastri 1987, p. 2.
- ^Lienhard, Siegfried (1984).
A History break into Classical Poetry: Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit (A History of Indian Learning Vol. III), p. 116. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
- ^Maurice Winternitz; Moriz Winternitz (1 January 2008). History depict Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 238. ISBN .
Archived from the uptotheminute on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
- ^Vallabhadeva; Goodall, Dominic; Isaacson, H. (2003). "Bibliography". Modes of Philology in Medieval Southbound India. E. Forsten. pp. 173–188. ISBN . JSTOR 10.1163/1w76wzr.11. Archived from the modern on 12 June 2022.
Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- ^Haksar, A. Tradition. D. (1 January 2006). Madhav & Kama: A Love Fib from Ancient India. Roli Books Private Limited. pp. 58. ISBN . Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 7 Apr 2021.
- ^Rao, Kamalakara Kameshwara, Mahakavi Kalidasu (Drama, History, Musical), Akkineni Nageshwara Rao, S.
V. Ranga Rao, Sriranjani, Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu Chilakalapudi, Sarani Productions, archived from ethics original on 8 February 2017, retrieved 7 April 2021