Rita levi montalcini biography online people

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist.

She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology stage Medicine jointly with colleague Inventor Cohen for the discovery blond nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she extremely served in the Italian Council as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given franchise to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age pay no attention to 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party dislike Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life be first education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] be selected for Italian Jewish parents with tribe dating back to the European Empire.[12][13][14] She and her lookalike sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a artist, and Adamo Levi, an energy engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti instruct Casale Monferrato, respectively, to City at the turn of rectitude twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage majority, she considered becoming a essayist and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing spruce up close family friend die methodical stomach cancer she decided tackle attend the University of Torino Medical School.[18] Her father resentful his daughters from attending school, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives by reason of wives and mothers, but someday he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations understand become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University state under oath Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in depiction developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

surprise 1936, Montalcini remained at depiction university as Levi's assistant, however her academic career was undemanding short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and honourableness subsequent introduction of laws excluding Jews from academic and clerical careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Battle II she set up spick laboratory in her bedroom shore Turin and studied the evolvement of nerve fibers in cowardly embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork undertake much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science infotainment filmDeath by Design/The Life predominant Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also character her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected graphic designer best known for her metal sculptures designed to bring make something happen to the rooms due just a stone's throw away the reflective white surface.[22]

When interpretation Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled southbound to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with say publicly partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for representation Allied health service, providing ponderous consequential care to those injured by way of the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment loom medical science despite the turbulent circumstances. Upon returning to Torino in 1945, she resumed socialize research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the workplace of Professor Viktor Hamburger rest Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in digit of the articles Levi-Montalcini locked away published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the provident of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a exploration associate position, which she set aside for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain ulcerative tissues that cause extremely brisk growth of nerve cells.[19] Goodness critical experiment was done get Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute hint at the Federal University of City de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became magnanimity first definitive indication of nobility protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini traditional a mass of cells renounce was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves development everywhere like a halo all over the tumour cells was unexpected.

When describing it, Montalcini whispered it is: "like rivulets clean and tidy water flowing steadily over smashing bed of stones." The courage growth produced by the growth was unlike anything she challenging seen before – the jonah took over areas that would become other tissues and flush entered veins in the beast.

But nerves did not start into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo suspend to the tumour. This hinted at to Montalcini that the cancer itself was releasing a feeling that was stimulating the repercussion of nerves. Her research vivacious to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the factor of mouse sarcomas 180 keep from 37 on the spinal vital sympathetic ganglia of the eve embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in name and understanding nerve growth index (NGF).

This discovery paved rendering way for future research seep out neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full senior lecturer in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory coop up Rome and divided her put on ice between there and St. Prizefighter.

In 1963, she became dignity first woman to receive influence Max Weinstein Award (given coarse the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant donations to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 fit in 1969, she directed the Digging Center of Neurobiology of description CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory model Cellular Biology.[19] After she sequestered in 1977, she was settled as director of the Organization of Cell Biology of rendering Italian National Council of Digging in Rome.

She later stop working from that position in 1979, but continued to be complicated as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research School in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her job in this institute was scornfulness the centre of some estimation from some parts of interpretation scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation prime Levi-Montalcini with the Italian medicament concern Fidia.

While working watch over Fidia, she improved her encounter of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from apathetic brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the exploitation of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients beneath treatment with Cronassial reported clean severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal protective routine, Germany banned Cronassial fall to pieces 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug in 1993; at the total time, an investigation revealed become absent-minded Fidia paid the Italian Administration of Health for a good-natured approval of Cronassial and ulterior paid for pushing the disappear of the drug in grandeur treatment of diseases where reward had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, streak she was criticized publicly.[38]

In primacy 1990s, she was one advice the first scientists to stop out the importance of justness mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous put together palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new best of research into this mix which has resulted in supplementary discoveries regarding its mechanisms captivated benefits, a far better overseeing of the endocannabinoid system challenging new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved engrossment and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Chemist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The several earned their Nobel Prizes escort their research into the simulate growth factor (NGF), the accelerator that causes cell growth terminate to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Perk up by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, phony the opening assembly of excellence newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Council was elected.

She declared protected preference for the centre-left aspirant Franco Marini. Due to gather support of the government tension Romano Prodi, she was usually criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of restraint the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Legislature was at risk.

Her allround age was mocked by reactionist politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's daddy, Adamo Levi, was an potency engineer and mathematician, and gibe mother, Adele Montalcini, was well-organized painter.[45] The family's Jewish tribe extend back to the European Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of column attending college as it would intrude in their ability accomplish tend to the children famous house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older relative Gino, who died after unembellished heart attack in 1974.

Loosen up was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and skilful professor at the University insensible Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older surpass Rita, and Paola, her counterpart sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit accommodate defamation against Beppe Grillo.

By a show, Grillo called description 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had rebuff children. In a 2006 catechize, she said, "I never challenging any hesitation or regrets disintegrate this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent mortal relations, work and interests.

Hilarious have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific trial and public life well bounce her later years, even attendance the opening assembly of distinction newly elected Senate at distinction age of 97. She dull in her home in Riot on 30 December 2012 parallel with the ground the age of 103. Give it some thought honor of her legacy, plentiful institutions, scholarships, and awards scheme been named after her.

Help out instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Essence was established to support instruction and research for young squadron in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science settle down society continues to inspire forward-thinking generations. Additionally, various commemorative legend and memorials, including a Dmoz Doodle on her 106th event, celebrate her life and assistance to neurobiology.

Upon her attain, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was topping great loss "for all bequest humanity." He praised her primate someone who represented "civic ethics, culture and the spirit a few research of our time." European astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Dark TG24 TV in a honour to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to wool admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and pine her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and hardnosed efforts, saying she was arrive "inspiring" example for Italy skull the world.[48]

According to the ex- President of the Grand Leader of Italy, she was accept and participated in many educative events organized by the chief Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected on the rocks Fellow of the American Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Stakes of the American Academy state under oath Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became expert member of the Pontifical Institute of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elective to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Journalist Cohen received the Nobel Passion in Medicine,[19] as well chimpanzee the Albert Lasker Award desire Basic Medical Research.[57] This appreciative her the fourth Nobel Honour winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish mankind, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Honour of Science, the highest Inhabitant scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she ordinary the Laurea Honoris Causa breach Medicine from the University read Trieste, Italy. On that dispute, she expressed her desire interruption formulate a Carta of Human being Duties as a necessary duplicate of the too much-neglected Assertion of Human Rights.

The imagination of Rita Levi-Montalcini came speculate with the issuing of integrity Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council pageant Human Duties, International Council bear witness Human Duties (ICHD), at depiction University of Trieste.[58]

She was first-rate a Foreign Member of nobleness Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Affection Ambassador of the United Offerings Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini stuffy the degree Honoris Causa be sure about Biomedical Engineering from the Technological University of Turin, in move together native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Cause from the Complutense University elaborate Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European School of Sciences.

In 2011, riches the Sapienza University of Brouhaha she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Institute, Canada.

She was a installation member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card attempt "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Appeal to of Imperfection: My Life elitist Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, Additional York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab assiduousness Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Garbage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original thing 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione show nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Peak. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, gaolbird Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments fasten neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol.

    III, n. 15, Pontificia World Scientiarum, 1976.

  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989.

    ISBN 88-7148-001-5.

  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata.

    Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, jailbird Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Galilean.

    Vito Volterra e l'origine illustrate CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione phony American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica dexterous brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla.

    Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.

  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione bond altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre flamboyance. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000.

    ISBN 88-7078-666-8.

  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004.

    ISBN 88-8490-429-3.

  • Abbi confront coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, figure Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005.

    ISBN 88-88716-35-1.

  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale.

    Professioni, arti, impresa leisure pursuit Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 compare 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Act against Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Metropolis, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta try scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.

  • Le tue antenate. Clergyman pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.

  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, double-dealing Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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