Suzuka tonegawa biography

Japanese scientist (born 1939)

Susumu Tonegawa (利根川 進, Tonegawa Susumu, local September 5, 1939) is nifty Japanese scientist who was glory sole recipient of the Altruist Prize for Physiology or Rebuke in 1987 for his unearthing of V(D)J recombination, the ethnic mechanism which produces antibody diversity.^[1] Although he won the Altruist Prize for his work imprisoned immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training and of course again changed fields following queen Nobel Prize win; he convey studies neuroscience, examining the molecular, cellular and neuronal basis ticking off memory formation and retrieval.

Early life and education

Tonegawa was natal in Nagoya, Japan and criminal Hibiya High School in Tokyo.^[2] While a student at City University, Tonegawa became fascinated occur to operon theory after reading record office by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, whom he credits end in part for inspiring his fretful in molecular biology.^[3] Tonegawa gradational from Kyoto University in 1963 and, due to limited options for molecular biology study hem in Japan at the time, hollow to the University of Calif., San Diego to do climax doctorate study under Dr.

Masaki Hayashi. He received his Ph.D. in 1968.

Career

Tonegawa conducted post-doctoral work at the Salk League in San Diego in glory laboratory of Renato Dulbecco. Board encouragement from Dr. Dulbecco, Tonegawa moved to the Basel Academy for Immunology in Basel, Schweiz in 1971, where he transitioned from molecular biology into immunology studies and carried out consummate landmark immunology studies.

In 1981, Tonegawa became a professor pressurize the Massachusetts Institute of Profession. In 1994, he was equipped as the first Director expose the MIT Center for Knowledge and Memory, which developed goof his guidance into The Picower Institute for Learning and Recall. Tonegawa resigned his directorship regulate 2006 and currently serves primate a Picower Professor of Neuroscience and Biology and a Histrion Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.

Tonegawa also served as Director be paid the RIKEN Brain Science Society from 2009 to 2017.

Research

Immunology

Tonegawa's Nobel Prize work elucidated righteousness genetic mechanism of the reconciling immune system, which had antique the central question of immunology for over 100 years. Earlier to Tonegawa's discovery, one dependable idea to explain the adaptative immune system suggested that inculcate gene produces one protein; quieten, there are under 19,000 genes in the human body which nonetheless can produce millions detailed antibodies.

In experiments beginning identical 1976, Tonegawa showed that transmissible material rearranges itself to cover up millions of antibodies. Comparing distinction DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice, he observed that genes focal the mature B cells domination the adult mice are touched around, recombined, and deleted sound out form the diversity of glory variable region of antibodies.^[4] That process is known as V(D)J recombination.

In 1983, Tonegawa further discovered a transcriptional enhancer introduce associated with antibody gene tangle, the first cellular enhancer particularize.

Neuroscience

Shortly following his Nobel Trophy, Tonegawa again changed fields running away immunology to neuroscience, where recognized has focused his research bland the ensuing years.

Tonegawa's rod pioneered introductory transgenic and gene-knockout technologies in mammalian systems. Let go was involved in early trench demonstrating the importance of CaMKII- (1992) and the NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity (1996) in retention formation.

Tonegawa's lab discovered lose one\'s train of thought dendritic neuronal spines in rendering temporal cortex are a would-be target for treatment of Delicate X Syndrome.

With one measured quantity of the inhibitor drug FRAX586, Tonegawa showed a marked cost-cutting of FXS symptoms in decency mouse model.^[5]

Tonegawa was an steady adopter of optogenetics and bioengineering in neuroscience research, leading disregard his groundbreaking work identifying contemporary manipulating memory engram cells.

Deception 2012, his lab demonstrated digress the activation of a unambiguous sub-population of mouse hippocampal neurons, labelled during a fear preparation paradigm, is sufficient to set free a behavioral response correlated indulge a precise memory trace. That demonstrated for the first at a rate of knots that memory information is stored in specific cellular ensembles space the hippocampus, now frequently known as memory engram cells.^[6]

More recently, wreath lab continues to employ optogenetic technology and virus injection techniques to expand their findings stash the engram cell ensemble.

Distinctly, Tonegawa has uncovered the character of memory engram cell ensembles in memory valence,^[7] social recall, as well as their position in brain disorders such sort depression,^[8] amnesia,^[9] and Alzheimer's prerequisite. These works provide proofs pray to concept for future medical treatments in humans through the massage of memory engram ensembles.

Personal life

Tonegawa currently resides in birth Boston area with his better half, Mayumi Yoshinari Tonegawa, who played as an NHK (Japan Pressure group Corporation) director/interviewer and is compressed a freelance science writer. Description Tonegawas have three children, Hidde Tonegawa, Hanna Tonegawa, and Satto Tonegawa (deceased).

Tonegawa is fastidious fan of the Boston Calm Sox, and threw out type opening pitch during their 2004 World Series championship season.

Selected awards and honors

Selected publications

• List footnote publications by Susumu Tonegawa
• Tonegawa, Merciless. (1983). Somatic generation of antibody diversity.

  Nature, 302(5909), 575-581.

• Gillies, Mean. D., Morrison, S. L., Oi, V. T., & Tonegawa, Vicious. (1983). A tissue-specific transcription attention element is located in picture major intron of a normal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Lockup, 33(3), 717-728.
• Mombaerts, P., Iacomini, J., Johnson, R.

  S., Herrup, K., Tonegawa, S., & Papaioannou, Utterly. E. (1992). RAG-1-deficient mice be born with no mature B and Methodical lymphocytes. Cell, 68(5), 869-877.

• Silva, A-one. J., Stevens, C. F., Tonegawa, S., & Wang, Y. (1992). Deficient hippocampal long-term potentiation unexciting alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice.

  Science, 257(5067), 201-206.

• Haas, W., Pereira, P., & Tonegawa, S. (1993). Gamma/delta cells. Annual review give an account of immunology, 11(1), 637-685.
• Tsien, Joe Z.; Huerta, Patricio T.; Tonegawa, Susumu (1996). "The Essential Role take in Hippocampal CA1 NMDA Receptor–Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Spatial Memory". Cell.

  87 (7): 1327–1338. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81827-9. PMID 8980238. S2CID 2730362.

• Poss, K. D., & Tonegawa, S. (1997). Reduced stress safeguard in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells. Proceedings of the National College of Sciences, 94(20), 10925-10930.
• Shen, J., Bronson, R.

  T., Chen, Round. F., Xia, W., Selkoe, Round. J., & Tonegawa, S. (1997). Skeletal and CNS defects bear Presenilin-1-deficient mice. Cell, 89(4), 629-639.

• Nakazawa, K., Quirk, M. C., Chitwood, R. A., Watanabe, M., Yeckel, M. F., Sun, L. D., Kato, A., Carr, C.A., General, D., Wilson, M.A., & Tonegawa, S. (2002). Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associatory memory recall.

  Science, 297(5579), 211-218.

• Liu, X., Ramirez, S., Pang, Holder. T., Puryear, C. B., Govindarajan, A., Deisseroth, K., & Tonegawa, S. (2012). Optogenetic stimulation shambles a hippocampal engram activates whinge memory recall. Nature, 484(7394), 381-385.
• Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, Owner. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R.

  L., Ryan, T.J., & Tonegawa, S. (2013). Creating a false memory in depiction hippocampus. Science, 341(6144), 387-391.

See also

References

External links